Using Firewalls and Network Segmentation to Protect School Networks

In today’s education landscape, schools are more connected than ever — from cloud-based learning platforms and staff email systems to IoT devices and online assessment tools. But with this digital transformation comes a growing cyber risk. One of the most effective ways to safeguard school IT infrastructure is by using firewalls and network segmentation. In this blog post, we’ll explore how these tools can protect y our school’s network from cyber threats and support a safe learning environment.

Why School Networks Are High-Value Targets

Schools hold a wealth of sensitive data — pupil records, staff payroll details, safeguarding information, and more. At the same time, schools often operate on tight budgets and with limited IT resources, making them attractive targets for cybercriminals.

Common threats include:

• Phishing attacks

• Ransomware

• Unauthorised access

• Lateral movement within networks after a breach

That’s where firewalls and network segmentation come in.

What is a Firewall?

A firewall acts as a gatekeeper between your internal network and external traffic (such as the internet). It monitors and controls incoming and outgoing traffic based on predefined security rules.

In schools, firewalls can:

• Block unauthorised access to the network

• Prevent pupils from accessing inappropriate or dangerous websites

• Stop malware from communicating with external command servers

• Restrict access to sensitive systems (e.g., safeguarding databases) to authorised staff only

Types of Firewalls:

• Hardware firewalls: Dedicated appliances placed between the school network and the internet.

• Software firewalls: Installed on individual machines or servers.

• Next-generation firewalls (NGFW): Combine traditional filtering with advanced threat detection and application-level filtering.

What is Network Segmentation?

Network segmentation involves dividing your network into smaller parts or “segments.” Each segment acts as a self-contained network with its own rules and permissions.

For example, you might create separate segments for:

• Admin staff

• Teaching staff

• Students

• Guest Wi-Fi

• IoT/Smart devices

By separating these systems, you prevent threats from spreading across the whole network. If a student device is compromised, the attacker can’t easily access sensitive staff data or finance systems.

Benefits of Network Segmentation in Schools

Improved Security
Limits the spread of malware or unauthorised access if one area is breached.

Better Access Control
Ensures that users only access systems relevant to their role (e.g., pupils can’t access admin records).

Enhanced Network Performance
Segmented networks reduce congestion and improve performance for critical applications.

Simplified Compliance
Easier to manage data protection under GDPR and follow Department for Education (DfE) cyber security guidance.

Putting It Into Practice

Here are some practical steps UK schools can take:

1. Audit Your Network
   Understand what devices and systems are connected. Map out which services are used by which groups.

2. Implement Firewalls at the Perimeter and Internally
   Use perimeter firewalls to manage external threats and internal firewalls to protect between segments.

3. Segment Based on Role and Risk
   Separate networks for admin, staff, students, and guests. Consider isolating IoT devices too (e.g., smart whiteboards, CCTV).

4. Use VLANs and Subnets
   Virtual LANs and IP subnets can be used to logically separate traffic without needing extra physical hardware.

5. Apply Access Control Lists (ACLs)
   Define who can communicate with what. For example, allow the finance team to access the MIS, but not student laptops.

6. Regularly Monitor and Update
   Cyber threats evolve, so regularly review firewall rules and monitor for unusual activity. Ensure all devices are patched.

Closing Thoughts

With Ofsted and the DfE placing increasing emphasis on cyber resilience, firewalls and network segmentation are no longer optional extras — they are essential defences. By investing in a layered approach to network security, schools can protect sensitive data, maintain trust, and support uninterrupted learning.

Remember: A secure school is a safer place for everyone — staff, pupils, and the wider community.

Need Help?
If you’re part of a MAT or school IT team and need guidance on implementing firewalls or segmentation, consult your local authority’s IT advisor or a certified cyber security consultant with education sector experience.